"

実際に、江戸時代後半は人口が停滞し、社会活力もなかった。元禄時代ぐらいまでの江戸時代前半は、戦乱時代が終わって新田開発が進み人口増で活気があったが、幕府は技術革新と社会の流動性を厳しく規制し、社会活力より社会の安定・秩序を最優先した。福沢諭吉が憎んだ「親の敵」の封建時代そのものである。

　二度と戦乱を起こさせないためだったが、教科書にも出てくる大井川などの橋の廃止だけでなく、荷車など車輛も原則禁止し、複数マストと甲板を張った外洋船も厳禁した。手押し車に乗せた大五郎が「チャン！」と呼ぶ「子連れ狼」が気ままに旅をすることなど、実際には全くあり得なかった。

　江戸期後半は、新田開発も限界に達して、最低限の生活水準維持のため、「姥捨て山」伝説の信憑性はともかく、嬰児殺し（間引き）が一般化し、人口増はマルサスの罠によって約3000万人で長らく停止した。

　一部の環境派からは、人間の屎尿を肥料として本格的にリサイクル使用し始めた江戸時代は、持続可能社会のモデルのようにも言われているが、屎尿由来の回虫が蔓延して人々の栄養状態は悪化し、男の平均身長は150センチ台、女は140センチ台まで低下、その多くの頭蓋骨には栄養失調の証拠である眼窩の「す」が見られる。

　悪臭を発して寄生虫の卵を大量に含む屎尿の肥料利用が広まった理由は、本来の肥料である堆肥（落ち葉等を自然発酵させたもの）の供給源の里山が、元禄以前の人口増による炊事・暖房や窯業・製鉄のための過度な薪炭利用で荒廃したことと、新田開発によって里山が遠方になりすぎたための苦肉の策であった。

　この皮肉な結果として、荒廃した里山に成立する赤松林にしか生えないマツタケがどんどん採れるようになった（第2次大戦後は、石油系燃料の普及で薪炭採集が激減し、結果として里山の自然回復で赤松林が激減、マツタケも希少品化した）。

　つまり、江戸期後半の日本も、人口とエネルギーと環境の深刻な相互矛盾に直面していたのである。

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